![]() ![]() However, the production of palm oil is producing a huge quantity of solid waste and industrial effluents in the forms of empty fruit bunch (EFB), mesocarp fiber, palm kernel shell, palm oil refineries effluent (PORE), and palm oil mill effluent (POME). The oil palm cultivation and the production of palm oil have contributed significantly to the Malaysian national economic growth. ![]() Malaysia is the second-largest palm oil producer and exporter country. The worldwide production of palm oil is reported to be over 70 million metric tons in 2018, and it is expected that palm oil production will surplus over 75 million metric tons by 2020. At present, palm oil is used as a viable feedstock to produce biodiesel due to its lower price and elevated oil yield compared with other edible oils. The demand to produce palm oil is increasing, owing to its multipurpose application in both food and non-food products. Palm oil is the most used vegetable oil and agricultural product worldwide. The finding of the present study shows that tannin as a natural polymeric coagulant would be utilized in PORE treatment to avoid toxic sludge generation. The determination of thermodynamics parameters analyses revealed that BOD, COD, turbidity, and SS removal from PORE was spontaneous, exothermic, and chemical in nature. Kinetics studies show that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model was the well-fitted kinetics model for the BOD, COD, turbidity, and SS removal from PORE using tannin as a polymeric coagulant. Analyses of isotherm models revealed that the Freundlich isotherm model was well fitted with the coagulation study. It was found that the maximum removal of BOD, COD, turbidity, and SS was 97.62%, 88.89%, 93.01%, and 90.21%, respectively, at pH 6, a tannin dose of 200 mg/L, 60 min of coagulation time, and 60 min of sedimentation time. The tannin coagulation efficiency was evaluated based on the BOD, COD, turbidity, and SS removal from PORE by varying the tannin dose (50–300 mg/L), pH (pH 4–10), treatment time (15–90 min), and sedimentation time (15–90 min). ![]() The coagulation experiment was conducted using a jar test apparatus. In the present study, a biodegradable natural polymer, namely tannin, was utilized as a coagulant to treat PORE. The presence of high contents of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and suspended solids (SS) in PORE encourages the determination of an effective treatment process to minimize the environmental pollution and preserve aquatic life. The refining of the crude palm oil (CPO) generates the palm oil refinery effluent (PORE). ![]()
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